2024/12/1/ · Traditional composting techniques demonstrate up to 70 % nitrogen loss, primarily through gaseous emissions of ammonia (NH 3) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O), which account for 79 %–94 % of the losses (Lim et al., 2016).These emissions not only cause odor pollution, equipment corrosion, acid rain, and atmospheric nitrogen deposition, but also reduce the
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